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ʶ̽
һ    ʶ֮
ʶ̣ƴʴʦ졣ʴʦڷپΨʶ֮󣬶ΨʶѧеġʶЯܽᡣȫģһ乲ʮ˾䣬ľһ̷Ϊʮ̣ÿΪһ飬顣ǰʶ̣ʶ̣ʶ̣ڰʶ̡ʶࡢҵáԱʶԵӦȣȫ֮СΨĴԼԼᣬÿһжѧרʣӽ⣬һ˺˽⡣ˣаʶ̽Ŀ衣
 
ʶ⣬صڡʶ֣ʶ֣Ҫرڹ͡ʶʲô  <> 
Իʶ֮ˡʶǡġΨʶѧϳʶģֻһַ㣬ΪʶһĶ <˹> 
˵ƺʶ̣νԵ˱Ϊԣģܲɼʡ⣬ʡġ⡢ʶߣҲȫһˡôʣʲôأ 
շ˵ġǾõ塣ԭշ̵Ľ壬ν]  (䣬Ļ)  (䣬˵)  
(ϵ)죬һУǡԵͺϡڵġ
 
շ˵࣬ɫܡ롢СʶڷϽ̡ǻ۵˼ͬһʡͬһϵеһ࣬ͽ̡е󡢺˵ʶԹɳ࣬ǰ˵̵̡ġԵͺϡС䡯ʶ͡䡯ʹڡٷ£
 
һɫ̣ ɫ̵ɫʵ˼ (ɫɫɫ) 
ɫ̵ǵءˮ𡢷ԪءʵָĲǵءˮ𡢷ʵָǼʪůԡɴԣҲԵ 
ڣ˼νɫ
 
̣ ˸йٽӴ⾳ĸܡ˸ܣʹܣʹ˲Ŀܣͼ޲ܡʵǸá
 
̣ ֪ãҲ˵ĸоٽӴ⾳ʶֱʶáִѧϣ൱ڡ֪֪γɸ
 
ġ̣ ˵־ʶС˼á˼˾ () Ϳ () 
ȥִУСССоΪҲΪΪĺǡҵҵ
 
塢ʶ̣ 
˵ʶǡԵ˱ΪԡʵϾʶõ壬ҲʶС˷ʱֻ˵ʶۡǡࡢʶ˷̷չΪʶʶ֮󣬷չĩʶҮʶΨʶѧϳΪʶҲǡʶ̡аʶֵԴ
 
˵˵ģ϶ɵģν̼ٺֳ֮ơɫɫʵϣǾϣ±ʾ
 
        ɫϡɫ
 
        ܡ
 
        롪 ϡġ
 
        С
 
        ʶ
ǹе (͸顪һ) ʶǡ۵ʶ塯ɫܡ롢ǡ͹۵ʶ±ʾ
 
        ʶ۵ʶ塪
 
        ɫ
 
        ܡ ͹۵ʶ
 
        롪
 
        С
 
ʶ֮ʶģ⣬Ҳ˾塣
 
    ԹزɷԲ
 
ԲԹ˵ԹزɷԲ 
أľԲĹߣ˼й췶塣԰ʶأʾʶ࣬߾ԡĲͬؾȻߣڴˣȳ¼ȫģν⣺
 
ʶ
 
طʦ
 
ǰʶ
 
Ծͨԣ۶ؾӣбʮһж̰ա
 
ʶͬɫԵ߰˺ڣ۳ѷʶ
 
ۿΨãԲڹ棬Բ©Ϣ֡
 
ʶ
 
ͨʱ׿֪Ӧʮһƶʱ֮
 
ԽתףŵΪҵǣ
 
ĻϲأֲߣԶеغ©۲Բմǧ
 
ʶ
 
иͨ鱾ԵִΪǣ˴б𾳻ۣ̰Ҽ档
 
˼棬ҹԣĻ˴ӦתΪȾ
 
ϲƽԣ޹Һݣãʮ
 
ڰʶ
 
Ψ޸Уҵ˲ִɴ
 
ƺزԨ˾Ϊ磬޹ָȥ
 
ǰأյգԲ޹ͬʱʮɲС
 
ʮģ¼ڴȽ£
 
һʶ 
ʶ֮˾õ塣ΨʶѧϣʶΪ֣ۡǡࡢ⡢ĩǡҮ˸ʶۡǡࡢָо٣ϳǰʶ 
ʶΪʶĵۺģ ĩʶƵʶ顮ʶģҮʶƵڰʶءӡ򷨵ıԴ
 
أ ǹ淶˸ʶλϣǵࡢҵáԡ磬Ȼط򣬼֤λϣҲطԳưʶء
 
̣ 
һԣ˼ӡΪ٤ӣΪʡ̵ʽʫϣͨľһףġ塢־ɣ˼δ꣬Լȥ̣Ŀڱڼ䡣õһ䡣
ġƣ 
Ԫһ꽨ʮŵۣԪΪ𡣡ʢơʱҹʷе̫ƽʢȫ磬жС˽֡Ĵڣԡˡй˵˼
 
塢أ 𾭽Ἧоɡأϳƴؾ˵ķ֮ΪΪɮĽɳ֮Ϊɣעͷ𾭡ݷ𾭶ߣ֮Ϊۡ
 
ߡʦ 
߹ʦ߽ԵνҵҲָͨ𷨣֮ˡطʦָͨɡ֮ʦͨɣΪʦʦ۲ﾭߣʦʦһʣйأҵı𡢱ʮΪʦʮǣ
 
һٶԲ߳壬ƷسֽɣͨأǾ㣬ʤԴʣãʮ֪㡣<٤ʦ> 
ʮһУԴи꾡˵ͨ׻ˣɷƳڵˡ
 
ˡʣ ҹطʦӡ󷨣һܡ
 
š죺 ˼۵䣬ĳĳ
 
    ʷΰ뾭ʴʦ
أʦˣĵۿʶʮ (Ԫ) ׼ճγֳ³ңʦʮʱֳңͻ۾ <> 
Ϸʦ <> Ԫ꣬ͬ볤δɶ͵Ǩʦѧ <> <> ܾ߽䣬볤ʱзɮ¾㽲 
<> ʦ־֮ʦ;ʥ壬֪ʴӣ֮벻ʦΪ˾ֹެѧ˽󷨡
 
ʦݳŹأ˰ɳ;ʧˮʦһԸһգִ߲߲̩ŷ𷨣ʦų̴ӣʦУȹȴ룬ҶǣͻҶɺٶУʼӡȡ֡ӡв£ʦӽ 
(ʱ) ѧ <٤ʦ> ʮ֧۰壬ǰΪʱ꣬ɽʤʦѧ <Ψʶ> 
٤֮ѧȻѲʥηøʦ֮ٷ¡ͻйۡ٤֮ <> ǧ̳ʽʦͳơ
 
ʱͣˣƴС֮ѧߣݱСʦۡ <ƶ> һǧһƵݱСʦ֮ <ƴ߰> 
ʮ꣬Ůᣬʮ˹СɮǧˣżǧˡʦǱΪ֮ <Ψʶ> 
ģˣƳ˵ʮգ֮ߣʤ߹֮Ϊ졯˵ʥˡ
 
ʦʮʦ׳ӭʮ򡣶̫ڻʵ̫ӭοʦؾಿڳ븣´·룬Ⱥʮ岿һǧʮԷΨʶһڵľΪ۶ʮ 
<٤ʦ> پԺ <ܾ> <>  <ٷ> <> <Ψʶʮ>  <Ψʶʮ> ȡ
 
ʦ <Ψʶʮ> ʱʮ۸ȫ룬Եӿ֮룬ۼʮ۳Ϊһ֮Ϥڻ֮˵йΨʶڵĻ伮 
<Ψʶ> ʦ֮ѧɿ֮ԷҹΨʶһڡ
<ʶ> ʦǧΨʶڡʶһЯ֮ʦһһ <> ⣬д <> 

 
<ƶ>  <> ϧδɺģıʧģֻ <ʶ> ʮˡ
 
ǣ 
һĴ̣ Ĵ߳Ĵ֣ΪʵĻأձ壬塣 
̣Ϊϣ߻塣˵ģǰĴ(ɫ)ϣܡ롢Сʶ̵ϣν̺ͺϵ塣
 
             ءԼΪ
 
      Ĵ֩ ˮʪΪ
 
             𡪡ůΪ
 
             硪ԶΪ
 
             ɫ̡ɫΪʰ塪ΪĴϡʡɫ
 
             ̡ɡһָܡ
 
      ̡ ̡ȡ񡪡γɸࡪá
 
             ̡־Ϊ
 
             ʶ̡˱𡪡ʶá
 
ʮʮ˽磺 ǾʵϣʵֻɫĶɫɫ׽⣬ԹΪһɫ̶ڹ֮ 
ܡ롢СʶķķڤĮáԿΪڹ֮һ̶ȲȣĶʷΪ̣֮ 
ķΪģɫΪһɫģӸΪ֮˵ʮķΪһ룬ķΪʮ롣жɫĶ㲻˽ߣӸΪ֮˵ʮ˽硪ɫΪʮ룬ķΪ߸롣ʵȫɫĶչġʮʮ˽±ʾ
 
ڶ    Ψʶ
 
һ    Ψʶѧͳ
<ʶ> ڹ͡ʶġʶΨʶѧĻۡˣҪѧϰ <ʶ> 
ȶΨʶѧ˽⣬Ȼ֪ڹͰʶڡڴȰΨʶѧĴһΨʶѧѧͳһܡ
 
ΨʶѧǷڵ塣йķڣԴӡȵ٤ѧɶġԭӡȵĴ˷̣ԡйѧɡ롮٤ѧɡΪйѧɣԪͼġȺ߰꣬ӡʱִҷʵУСвִҿշСִִϣһ죬һа˵ʱ۵䣬ʾԿա֮壬аִɷ̿ڡġйۡһģ֮Ϊйѧɡ˺꣬йѧɵѧ˵ӡȴ˷̵
 
ᳫĿչۣԡԵԿաۣͽֿռһнԿաΨΪȡաУʩУ 
ʤУޡν֮ȡգν֮աŰ꣬׶ʱӡȵ˼磬һйѧɵĿաһнԿյĶȡգһССҷʵлҿշСջʵУаִ׶С֮ʵУڴ֮գʾ壬ɴڡ֮УƳҷִʲͬС֮У 
ǲȡռԽδաʴУΨʶе
 
ڣ <٤ʦ>  <ׯ>  <б>  <հ>  <ֱ٤> 
岿۶ġ˵ԺӡȰӹǽãΪ˵岿ۡʵϣʷʵеһλ֮ˡν岿ۿ֮ʾء 
<٤ʦ> Ϊۣ <ʥ>  <>  <˳>  <> ۵䣬˵٤ʺ֮Ϊ٤ѧɡ
 
ĸܣԼԪͳСвңѧСˡввݵ٤ʪ޳ǣв꣬ <> 
һ飬Ϊй۵䡣ڱӡȺСˣ֮ԼΪ֮˵Ҫ塣ֽ̻壬Сתˣ̳ѧ˵۵䣬ɷΨʶ塣ΨʶѧҪ 
<>  <ٷ>  <>  <Ψʶʮ>  <Ψʶʮ> ȡ <Ψʶʮ> 
һ飬ΪΨʶѧ۵Ļ֮ʮʦ̳Ϊ <Ψʶʮ> ۣѧ˵ʮʦУԻĹ
 
ĵӽͣӡȷѧ£ΨʶԪ䣬ʴʦ󷨣ӽѧΨʶꡣع֮󣬹ھۡʦʮʦ <ʮ> 
Яعڣ룬Եӿ֮룬ԻΪۺʮ֮˵ۺ϶ <Ψʶ> ̳ʦ֮ѧ <Ψʶ>  
<ΨʶҪ>  <٤>  <Ӽ> ҹΨʶһڡ
 
֮󣬴дˣĵӻӣ <Ψʶ>  <Ҫ> ӵĵܣ <Ψʶ>  <ǰ>  <> ܵ 
<Ψʶ] <ΨʶҪ> ӵ <Ψʶ> ϳΪΨʶ]Ϊо <Ψʶ> ض֮顣ܵĵ 
<Ψʶ><Ψʶ> 
ϸڳ֮󣬰䣬ѧϰڣڷʢΨϼ֮󣬺ˣھ˥΢ˡڻ𣬴һഫ౻ٻ٣ھʧˡ
 
ĩ̩꣬š塢ʦáʿоΨҪעɢóɹޡδأоҲжˡ弾ĩ꣬ʯɽ̾ձҹɢ֣вΨʶ裬̰ӡᳫѧоΨʶεΪһַϾ֧ѧԺ]ŷбʱѧᡯĺ徻Լ̫ʦѧԺʦоΨʶǧѧظ渴ˡ
 
    Ψʶ
ΨʶѧĻۣνΨʶΨʶΪһз () 
ȫʶ֣˼νΨʶ޾еһһ󣬷ڵʵڣʶֳġʶԵΨʶ䡯
 
ʶʲô  <> Իʶ֮ԻʶҲļʻΪ֮ʾԻΨģ 
ֱ˴֮ԻΨʶͨΨģ˵Ψ򣬵Ψʶʶ˱壬λʶǿʣ˵ʶΪΨ޶ʮԻ ʶˣ֮]
 
Ŀ֪ʶġģеġǻеģֻѭϵͳѹѪҺ٣û˱ʶáԻȻеģȻԴеĴԡҲֻһ룬Ϊ뿪ԹȻûʶԲʶñ˵ƹ 
() Żᷢ⣬ƹܲǵ硣ƹֻԵĹߣͨϵŻᷢ⡣ԴƣҲֻԵĹߣûʶͬû˽⡢ֱʶá
 
ʶʲô ʵϣʶֻһ֡ܡú򵥵˵ʶһ[ֽ˵˵֮
һʶһʰԵʣһֹܡʶĸƣԻġ⡢ʶˣΨʶҽƣνģ˼⣬˱ʶ]  
̧ͷʱӣˣ 
̶ֱʱ䣬ֱ𡣶ƣָĶһʰԵĹܡҰʶֹܡͨΪġ⡢ʶˣԹʤ˵ڰʶӣ֮Ϊģ 
ʶ˼ִң֮Ϊ⣻ ǰʶ˱֮֮Ϊʶߣֻһܱķԣ뿪˵ľ磬Ψʶ̣֮ǡ塯 
˵壬Ϊ硯 ˵ãΪܱ䡯ܡתӣ䡯ãʵԡΨʶۣνʶ֮⣬⾳
 
νʶ಻Ϊһܱġܡѡ
 
ʶĹܣǾڷ (ȫ) 
ʰԵʣʶʰԵĹܡԵĸо񾭡˶񾭣ֻ˵壻˵ʶĿ֮֮ţ֮˼ (ν) 
ɽӴأǳʶ֮Сʶͬն޼ʶĹý鷨 (ϵӶԣʶУ֮Соޡ)
 
ʶΪУбشԵʶһֹܣ˹δʱʶӣ 
ʱӶʶǱڵĹܣʶǱڹܷáУشԵߡԵ֣ԻԵ޼ԵԵԵԵں͡
 
    Ψʶе
Ԫͼ䣬ӡȵĽʦ <ܾƷ> һʱ̣Ϊʱ࡯ʱǣ
һһʱн̣ Ϊʹһҵڷ˵ҵԵʥʮԵţȤС˽̷
ڶʱս̣ ΪʹһִδϷִСߣ˵Կ֮ΪСȤ˵Ľ̷
ʱе̣ ΪϳСƫУƫյִ˵зǿյе̡еԲھ㣬Ĵ˽̡
ʱڣǰʱΪķ̷ǲ̣ 
ʱΪʵ̷̡ΨʶڵĽ壬˵ԡԵΨʶеʷΨʶֳΪеڡ
 
еʲô ƣԲΪ壬ͨΪе뿪߶뿪϶Сߣڲƫе֮
 
ΨʶеǽԺԵۻϡΨʶΪ򷨡һдڵԣҲԡǱִԣԣԲʵԣԣԣʤԡ
 
ԭΨʶѧۣΪ򷨣ܱʶ֮⼴ǡΨʶʶ⾳ԭʼʣɷࣺ
 
һԣ ﱾûб壬˼еģȴձִƽϣƽϵ˵˵ʵУֻС]
 
ԣ Եͺϡڶģשľʯɷݣƿûбʵ塢ԣǡϡĴ 
(Ե) Ҳʵ ֻǡСˡ
 
ʵԣ ʵ塢ԣġʱĴڣǾġԽĴڣʵ壬ҲǡʵԡʵĴڡ
 
࣬ڷѧϳΪԡǱִԣԣԲʵԡ <ܾ> ˵ 
ƺִ࣬νһзԲΪ˵ 
ƺ࣬νһзԵࡢƺԲʵ࣬νһзƽ硣еġ࡯֣ڴ˴Ե˼ԣһʽ˵Ծǣ
һִԣ 
˶һձִƽϡִ̺ͺϵļΪʵңִϵļΪʵִִִ࣬ʱʱƽϣƽϣһִƽϣ˷ԭ
 
ԣ 
ġָԵڶУûйڵģȫϡϣͻĸı仯ûСԡ 
ûй̶֮ԡ
 
Բʵԣ 
ԲԲǳɾͣʵʵ϶֮Բɾ͵ʵԡʵԲ࣬ǡԡԽԵľҲǶաҿպͷ֤֮塣Ҳ硣
ԣΪġԵֻʱ󣬲ʵ塣ԵͺϵִƽϣǱִԡձļƽִִִִִϡԵһʱϡޱִʵʵԲʵԡ 
<Ψʶʮ> ˵ ԣֱԵԲʵڱˣԶǰԡ]  ǰԣָϣԶձִƽϵıִԡ
ˣԲʵԣǡաҿա֮ԵԲɾ͵ʵԣҲġԡ
һԣͬʱҲԣǾԣԣʤԡԣԡ룬У޷ȫһʱϵļ࣬˼࣬һмִƽϣγԣ 
˵ԣ֮жģԵľɢγй̶ԣ ʤԣνʤ壬硣 <Ψʶʮ> 
Իʤ壬༴磬ԹʣΨʶʵԡΨʶʵԾԲʵԡԲʵǳԾǵľ֮Զ֮˵ʤԡʤԣͲǾʤˡ
 
ǣ 
һԣ ΪΨʶһзĸϺĹڷԻ Ϊڡ
 
          ִԡ֮ϡֱִ࣬Ϊʵʵ
 
  ԡԡ򷨽Եͺֻϣԡ
 
          ԲʵԡϡһʱԶִ֮Բʵԡ
 
          ԡΪ֣ԡ
 
  ԡԡԵֻϣʵУԡ
 
          ʤԡʤǶ磬ԣͲǾԵʤˡ
е еԶжߣ޼˼һзÿһԣν֮ԸеҲԶе
 
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һ    ǰʶ
ºִʱͣʶ̵ģһʼĽ𡣰ĵ˳潲ʮ˾ģڵһ¼ǿóг˷ѧʣеʣǰϵһʼͽģƱذϵʼԸѣѣҲͷڻһʽȽеʣȫ˽⣬ٽģͷڻͨհʶλʶķ֣Եʶ˳ȥٽġ
 
ѧϰΨʶѧһŵҪǾ <ٷ> 
Ȿڡһʮ֧֮ѧУԳ֧˼壬ǴԵĽͰٷٷʲô 
ԭܣʤƣ˷֮Ϊ򷨡򷨲һһΪ֮˵÷ɵķ򷨹ࡣˣԼ֮Ϊ֣֮λ֮Ϊλٷλٷǣ
 
һ ֣Ϊʶ
 
з ʮһ֣ΪʮһλӦ
 
ɫ ʮһ֡
 
ġĲӦз ʮ֡
 
塢Ϊ ֡
 
ڴˣվͽλٷеʶ
 
ʶʶʶʶʶʶʶĩʶҮʶʶģһĶʶ 
ԭִͨʵʵһΪʵ塣˵ʱҲȻһĶڡΨʶԷķΪˣ˵ִڴ̽ǰʶ
 
ǰʶۡǡࡢʶ˵ָо٣ǣ
 
һʶ ۸Եɫ˱ʶá
 
ʶ ڶԵ˱ʶá
 
ʶ ڱǸԵ㾳˱ʶá
 
ġʶ Եζ˱ʶá
 
塢ʶ Ե˱ʶá
 
ǰʶǸо٣ɫе (ۡǡࡢ) 
 
ƣ
 
һ֮ʶ ʶ
 
֮ʶ ʶ
 
֮ʶ ʶ֮ʶ
 
ġ֮ʶ ʶֱ
 
塢֮ʶ ʶ
 
ʶ𣬵֮ڸķֱӾɼ۾䡢ӡͷ塣ָĴϳɵʣǷڸΪڸдڷϳΪڸĳʶʶڸֳ֮Իɫʤ˵ 
ʤʾϸ۲ɼΨۿɼ֮ѧʹ֪νɫʵϾάϸɫзʶȡãʤʤ
 
ۡǡࡢʶԵɫ㡢ζ徳徳ֳ峾鸡֮죬Եı䣻 
ҲȾ۵˼ԴߣȾ˵ʶԳƳʶȡ֮徳ֱ˵£
 
һʶ ʶԵɫɫɫ֮ɫʰ() ֮ɫɫࣺ
 
      1ɫ ʮ֣ࡢơࡢס⡢Ӱơ̡ա
 
      2ɫ ʮ̡Բ֡ϸߡ¡
 
      3ɫ аˣȡᡢ졢Сסԡ
 
      4ɫ 壬ɫɫɫɫִɫ
 
ʶ ʶԵ˾
 
      1ִܴ ֮ԡ () ֮
 
      2ִܴ Ȼ֮ˮȡ
 
      3 ʽ繲֮紵ѡľʯȡ
 
ʶ ʶԵ㾳֣ʵ٣ʵߣ˳㡢̴ Υߺ϶㡢ࣻ ˳Υƽ㣬ʯ㣬ͺ㣬㡣
 
ġζ ʶԵζ֣иʡᡢ̡ࡢ
 
塢ʶ ʶԵ˵Ĵ˵䡢ůɬᡢءʹϸ˵жʮ֣ϸ
 
ʶֻ˱ԼڵĶԽԼĹܷΧ⡣ֻԵɫԽɫԵ 
ʶֻԵԽԵ㣬ʶȻңʶԵֻǸоΨԡ޷ֱĹܡֱɫ㡢ζ徳ݣǵʶĹܡ˽һ
 
    ʶ
ʶʶۺģ˵˼жϡ䡢ϲŭֵãȫǵʶĹܡ
 
ǰʶʶҲǰʶ徻Ĵɵľɫɫ֮ 
ʶڵĩʶķ֮ǰʶԵɫ㡢ζ徳Եɫ 
ʶԵķǰʶֻ˱ԼڵĶʶǰʶκһʶãʶ֮ͬʱԷ˽ֱá
 
ʶǰʶȽϣмص㣺
 
һʶԵǷ˽ֱһ⾳
 
ʶ˱һɫ () 빲ࡣﵥ࣬       ȽϵĲࡣ
 
ʶ˱֮֮˱ȥδ֮֮
 
ġʶɲ˱𣬻̲ϵ˱
 
塢ʶ˼ ҵ
 
ʶСʶ 롮ͷʶķֱʶǣ
 
һʶʶͬ𣬷˱ʱΪ۾ʶ
 
ʶʶͬ𣬷˱ʱΪʶ
 
ʶʶͬ𣬷˱ʱΪǾʶ
 
ġʶʶͬ𣬷˱ʱΪʶ
 
塢ʶʶͬ𣬷˱ʱΪʶ
 
ʶͬʱ㣬ǻһ㡢㡢㡢㣬Ե
 
ǰʶԵ⾳ԭ <٤ʦ> ƣʶԵʣ⾯Ȥǣ
 
һ ϣʶ⾳Ͷ⾳ (ע) 
 
 Ǽ䣬⾳ʶ䣬ͶԴ˾ע⡣
 
 ʶԵľ磬Ϊ⣬ͶԴ⾳ע⡣
 
ġϰ ϰԣ紩Խ·ϰҪעûг
 
ߣʶԵ⾳ʱҪγʽַܳ˱áγʽֳΪġǣ
 
һʶģ ǰʶʶɲǼ˱
 
Ѱģ ʶǰʶɲ˱֮Ѱ֮˱⾳
 
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ġȾģ ʶ˱⾳ƶȾ֮ġ
 
塢ģ ʶƶȾתɾƶ֮ҵ
 
ͷʶǲǰʶ𣬵ʶͷʶԵǵֻǷͷʶַΪ֣
 
һжͷʶ ˯ʱԵоʶξǷǲΪξ
 
жͷʶ ʱԵоʶʶΨ
 
ɢλͷʶ 
ǼȲУҲڶУҲǰʶͬԵ⾳ƽ£ɢУ¹Ž񣬶Թ𣬺˼ͣڷн롯 
Ǳ
 
ġҶͷʶ ڵ߿񡪡񾭴ҵʱ򣬳ڱֻţԼǿơǿ״ΣʵʶԵľ硣־磬ҲǷ
 
    ߰ʶ
ʶۺģǵļž֪˼жϣȫԵʶΪߡʶǱʶķΧʶʶ֮ڰʶ򷨵ıԴģʶĻһܵߡʶӰ졣ڴֵ̽ߡʶҵá
 
ʶĩʶĩǶ֣룬Ի⣬ʶʱĩԭʶΨһãǡ˼˼ЩʲôأΪڰʶǺ㡢һǱ顢׵ġҡ㳣˼ִҡˣһģҲһ˽ġ
 
˵˼֣˸ʶ˼áǰʶʱϣҲûãǡǺ󡯵˼ʶǵãҲʱ (λ) 
Ǻ˼ڰʶǡת]  (ת) 
ǣǺǺ˼Ψеʶʱ˼ִңάң˺ʱʱΪģҵԭˡ
 
˵ڰʶڰʶҮʶҲ룬Ϊû]ҹΪʶΪûߣ˵ʶӣʧ 
תΪʶߣǴ˼ܲءءִ塣ܲأָܴ (ӣڶڶڡ) 
򷨡ʱڰʶܲأء () 
ʱܵǰʶȾ޹ϰ޹ΪӣԲڵڰʶСʱӳΪܲأڰʶΪءִضֳ֣ơҰִءΪʶϵڰʶΪңִ̰ᣬΪҰִʱʶִڰʶִ
 
ڰʶ¼˼壬Ϳ֪ã
 
һʶ ʶӣ򷨣ʳʶ
 
ʶ ʶ򷨵ĸʳƱʶ
 
լʶ ǲʶı壬νʶӵķլ
 
ġһʶ ʶ˳ɱĩ˳Ƶһʶ
 
塢ʶ ɱʶ𣬹ʳʶ
 
ʶ ʶǰҵ壬ʶ
 
ߡתʶ ת©ĵڰʶΪ©ĴԲǣʳתʶ
 
ˡʶ бޡҡ֮˵ʶӣʤʳʶ
 
šʶ ִ֮壬ʶָӲʧ
 
ʮ޹ʶ ʶ޳תȾɾתʶǣ޹ʶ
 

 
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һʶ𡣶Ӧϵ彨áЩ˳Υ֮ƶ֮ģҵ˵ƶ񣬲ܵӦЭӦƶ֮ҵʶÿһñһλȻûгͺñǹĳʮһλΪ飬λǣ
 
һ Ǵ⡢ܡ롢˼
 
 ʤ⡢ۡ
 
 ʮһšѡ̰޳աڡᰲݡᡢ
 
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塢淳 
ʮַΪС淳գ淳գ淳֡С淳ʮǷޡޡա㥡ڿơǡ淳ն޲ѡ淳հ˸ǻ١šиݡʧɢҡ֪
 
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Ըλֹʮһա淳ȴжʮ˺ǵϰٶϰ࣬ٶжҲ
 
λԱ˵
 
ж֣ܱе˼ʱӦĻΧǳ㷺ͨһġʶ ͨһʱȥδڣ 
һԡơ޼ǣ һеءŵء壬Ǵ⡢ܡ롢˼
 
һ ǽӴ徳Ӵ () ʶʶ͡Ϊ<ٷ> Ի 
Ϊԣ˼Ϊҵ⣬ʱΪȺ
 
⣺ ע⣬ʶͶע⣬ע𴥡Ի 
νܾΪԣԵΪҵƣĲɣӶţʳ֪ζɼʶ˱⾳Ϊǰ
 
ܣ Ǹܣʶ˳Υ֮ܡԻ 
νΥ˳ǾΪԣΪҵ֣˳ܣΥܣɷ˳ΥܡټǡϲܣͳΪܡ
 
ġ룺 ʶãԻ ھȡΪԣʩΪҵһֱټơνƿǲȡ
 
塢˼ ˼˼Ի 
ΪԣƷȣΪҵ˼֣Ի˼˼ʤ˼Ƿƶ񣬳вУ֮ģаƶ֮ҵʵ˵־á
 
Ե֮ͬͬԵһʳƱ𾳡ʶʱ𡣱רĳر֮󣬸𡣱Ե֣֮Ե־ʤԵԵϰԵ۾ľΪԡͣ
 
һ ǡ־ϣΪԣΪҵ 
ϣ⾳ϣ׷󣬶ϣغϣ񾳣ϣ롣ϣƶȾ֣֮ϣɷ棬ȻǾ׷ơɫʳ˯Ⱦˡ
 
ʤ⣺ 
ʤʤ߼⣬⾳Ե⡣ǡھӡΪԣתΪҵаƶ񾳣Ⱦתԥ£ûʤ⡣
 
 Ǽ䣬ϰǣΪԣΪҵǶԾǲ
 
ġ Իǡ۾רעɢΪԣΪҵ]עһɢң
 
塢ۣ ǻۣǻܶϳɻԻ ۾ΪԣΪҵ]ֻɶԶƶǷǣȡþԵļ
 
    ơ
 
λĵλԣܶ˳ߣơҲ˵ڷӵĽ̷Уơʮһǣ
 
һţ Ʒ֪ʵţԷܼᶨߣԻš֣һʵʵºʵ ŵ£Ź¼£ ܣƶ֮ҵ
 
ѣ ߳ܣ˻ĸ߳ܣѧʵǿԼеܲˣѡصĴٽ
 
 ˻£۵±˵ָռԻᣬһãڴ˴ڳƷܶ񷨡
 
ġ̰ ̰̰̰ɫǷ׷󣬷ȡԻ̰ ֮ԼУʩˣвʩԻ̰
 
塢 澳ǰܣպģޣԻ֮ˣУԻ
 
޳գ Ƿǲ֣а޳νǻۣҪָȷʥСʮԵĵ
 
ߡڣ ߲ӣ߲ˣΪƶ϶񣬷޳֣ǰν֮
 
ˡᰲ 죬֣߰ʱʹĵõʰȵľ硣
 
š᣺ еУеĻ٣ƽֱԻ 
ƽֱ޹סΪԣεپסΪҵɲȳȾļžסƽӹ״̬
 
ʮݣ ߷ŵ߱ݡԻ ޣΪԣηݣΪҵҲĲϣ󣬶ηݡ
 
ʮһ  𺦡޺ǡ鲻ΪգΪԣܶκΪҵ ൱ڴȱ֣Կࡣ
 
λĵλǷ߷ţҡߣΪա̰աɡֳΪ
 
һ̰ ̰̰ȡ㣬Ի̰Ի 
оȾΪԣ̰Ϊҵ̰̰ɫ̰̰̰֣̰ǰͬ̰֮
 
 澳ǰԻ 
գҵʱԼ˾ڸڷǷѪǧĪĶ
 
գ ߣаǷǣԻ 
ν԰Ϊԣ޳գһȾΪҵһȾ񷨣ֻصĸ
 
ġ ߽νּ߾ΪԣϲΪҵҲ֪ǫˡɿΪ֣˴ԡ
 
塢ɣ 
֮νԥΪԣϲɣƷΪҵνԥߣƲʡҲǶĹ£еԥţϲƷΪҵ
 
 
ȷļ⣬ֳа֣һҼ߱߼Ҽִִϡаƶļ⡣߼ȡִභ߽ȡΪţ䡢䡢䣬֤֮Ϊ
 
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ߡ𣬱鲻߳棻 ڲи߳С档С淳գͣڲиһʱ޵ڶʮС淳£
 
һޣ ߷ŭڲ澳߷ΪԣִΪҵһΪ塣
 
ޣ ɷΪȣᣬԹΪԣϲޣΪҵΪ塣
 
գ ߡΪԣϲգΪԡ ɷ޺޶𱨸ģպ
 
ġ أΪ֪ԡΪԣϲΪҵ]
 
塢 ߼ͶܣʼΪԣϲΪҵΪ塣
 
㥣 ߣǡƷܻʩΪԣϲ㥣Ϊҵ]
 
ߡڿ ڿαʵ[Ϊе£թΪԣϲڿаΪҵ]
 
ˡƣ ģɫˡ[ǣΪԣϲơ]
 
š ߲֮飬ޱΪԣϲΪҵ]
 
ʮǣ ưּܣRˡΪԣϲǣȾΪҵ]
 
淳ն
 
һ޲ѣ ޲߲֮˻£߳ܣԷΪԣϰѣΪҵ]
 
 
֮˻£η飬ν֮䣬رΪԣϰΪҵ˵޲ʱ޼ɵʲôʲ塢ʳܵ¶ó
 
淳հ˸
 
һ ־ܣΣʹᰲĲۡ
 
٣ 겻׷ɣھžΪԣἰֹΪҵ]
 
ţ ̰֮ʥͣĻΪԣΪҵ]
 
ġи ΪƣŬ϶񣬡ΪԣϾţΪҵ]
 
塢ݣ ŵݣƣݵΪԣϲݣΪҵ]
 
ɢң ɢ߷ɢңΪԣΪҵ]
 
ߡʧ ʧʧȥаɢΪҵ]
 
ˡ֪ ֪֪֪а۾ΪԣٷΪҵ]
 
λĵλǲ֣νڡߡѰţԻѰţȾȣԲʡԳɾƣԳɾͶ񡣹Ի
 
һڣ ׷ڣ֮׷ڣǶ ׷ڣơδ֮׷Ƕ񣬻δ׷ơ
 
ߣ ˯ߣΪĵʵ˯ƣ˯޶ȻҹߵǶ      
 
Ѱ ѰǶԵ˼˼Ʊƣ˼
 
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ĵڶڶڣΨʶ˵ʶһֹܣδʱʶΪӣ 
ʱռӶʶǱڵĹܣʶǱڹܷá
 
ֻ֪һֹܣ˹ܷʶʵá򷨣Դܡڴˣ壺
 
һӷɫģֻһֹܡ
 
ֹܱ棬档һ () ɭޡ޾޾
 
޴С֣֮ʱ֡ɡ֡ʾʶֱһ㾡ȫ棬һʶ֮С
 
ڴ˿֪ν򷨣ǵڰ˰ҮʶСصӱֶˣ<Ψʶ> Ի
 
кηΪӣ νʶ (Үʶ) Уܲ𡣴뱾ʶһ졣Ӧʡ]
 
ģĻ˵ ʲôأ ǰҮʶУܹͬĹܣֹܣ밢ҮʶȲһҲ졣
 
ڰ˰ҮʶУӣӴӺζأ ֲͬ˵
 
һΨ˵ ӡȻʦȵţΪҮʶеһ©©ӣʼߡٴ޹ϰ
 
Ψ޹˵ ӡʦȵţΪһӣʼ޹ϰġ
 
޹˵ ӡȻʦţΪʼҮʶУСߡӣͬʱҲд޹ϰ޹ӡ
 
˵Ի˵ΪԲ
 
 <Ψʶ> УΪӵ塣ǣ
 
һɲ 
ֻһֹܣɫ㡢ζȥڷȴáã𣬼ν޼伴𡯣мûСסĽ׶Σɲ𡯡
 
У УȻɲǼ𣬵ʼйɲ֮ʣλת䣬ȡҲǼֹ޹ӡ
 
ת Уɲ𣬹С˼ϣǰת㳣ϡ
 
ġԾ ޹ƶ񣬶Ա𣬳ΪҵӻΪҵӣеʱҵƵУҵҵСһԭ򣬾䡣
 
塢Ե УҪԵ㣬ķҪ߱Եɫ߱ԵڸԵһڿν
 
Թ ӲһĹɫɫĹķķĹһܴҡ
 
    ޹ϰ
 
Ϊڰʶ (ڵڰʶ) 
Թһֹܡ򷨵ӣڵڰʶУǰӣǰӡ 
һ棬ĳһӣԵͺ (Ե߱) 
ʱԵĹС֮ɲǣǿʢãɲ֮䣬޹ϰԵӣ޹ӡ޹ӳΪӣԴڵڰС˵ν޹ӡǾмž֪õǰʶǰʶļž֪ãǡСڵΪΪ
 
еʱǹ ޹ϰӵʱ޹ǹ (ӡС޹ϰ) 
֮Ĺϵǡɲ]Թŵ˵
 
С޹ӣ (ӡС޹ϰ) շתͬʱ]
 
У޹ӣɲ𣬹 (ĵһ) 
޹ӳΪӣУǰبŲϢߣǡת]ǰתУС͡
 
νӣУ޹ӡνУǹһ 
޹ӣ޹ӣǹһշתɲ֮䣬Ϊ
 
ڰʶĹϵ˵򣬵ڰʶǹΪڰʶУ֮ (ڰʶ֮н͡) 
˵ڰʶ壬ãù壬ߵĹϵǡһ졯 
 
ǰʶĹϵڡܱ䡯УڰʶڹܱУڰʶǰʶͬʱ˸ʶϸ֡֡ǰʶž֪ʶã޹ϰеӡˣ޹ϰ˵ǰʶ޹ֳΪˡ
 
ʲô޹ϰأ 
ڡֵƶΪ䡮֡ڵڰʶУͽ޹ϰҲ˵ڰʶΪĺۼ⾭ۼ;ӣ֣Ҳϰ<> 
Ի޹ϰߣ·ʵ㣬޹ϰʣ]
 
޹Уǰʶ޹ڰʶ޹޹޹֮䣬Ҫ <Ψʶ> С޹塯 <> 
С޹塯޹ǰʶ߱ǣ
 
һ ޹Ҫ仯ã޹ϰӡΪǲĳ޹ϰǰʶԵ𷨣޹ϰ
 
ʤã 
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ġ޹ͺ϶ת ޹޹ͬʱͬ룬ͺ϶ת֮ǰʶΨ޹ĵڰʶ޹˵ĵڰʶ
 
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һסԣ ޹Ҫһܳϰʼ޹ǰʶбףʶȾʶ޹ڰʶһϣ޹
 
޼ԣ 
ڰʶΨ޼ǣƽȣΥܣϰʿƶе޹ϰ徻ķ©ǰʶ޹ñȳ겻޹ɳģޯ޹ģΪζѹ̶ˡ
 
޹ԣ 
ָ޹ԷǼܣ϶ɳˣʼ޹ܣ޹ڰʶ裬ܺӣ޹ñ·裬޹ʼܣ޹
 
ġ޹ͺ϶ת ޹ĵͬڰʶΨܱǰʶ޹˵ǰʶ޹
 
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򷨣ǰҮʶصӱֶġαأʶ䡯ΨʶѧСǷǳѽһ֣Ҫϸ˵Сʱꡣ򵥵˵ҮʶеӣУʱΪеĹеĹǵڰ˰Үʶ˴иʣӺڵڰʶУڰʶأ 
ԭʼڰ˰Үʶصӣͬʱеġʶ֮ ڰʶ֮֮䣬ǡͬ ʱ  
ͬʱתƵģͣת䡢֣ˣڰʶڰʶͬʱҲءӡڰʶΪ򣬵ڰʶǹ 
ܱ䡯
 
ڰʶͬʱڰʶǰʶҰڰʶǰʶڵİ˸ʶʶϸ֡֡֡ڰʶǰʶͬʱʶֵ֡ı䣬ǵڰʶʶı䡣ڰʶʶĹֱܱ䡯
 
˸ʶʶ壬ڹܱʱʶϸ֡֡ʲô֡أ 
ԭֵ࣬򷨡ࡣֵķ֣һֵ˼ˣν֣ʶһֵ֡ļܡ˱𡯡˽ֱãҲʶõһ֡
 
ԭΨʶѧĻۣǡΨʶʶ޾ʶԵ־ɫ㡢ζʵȫʶϱֳġʶ 
() ʶļȥʶʶԵΨʶ䡣]
 
<Ψʶ> ˵Ե˵֣Ե˵֡ ֽ˵࣬£ġʡ]
 
ٻһʽ˵ڹܱУʶϱֳࡢ֣ʱʶ屾ͽ֤֡ʶΪ˱ (ʶ) ɫãǼ֣ 
˱ɫ֡仰˵ʶ壬ǿ͹۵ʶĶ񡣶ν͹ۡʶ֮⣬ʶ֮ڡԭʶ֮ǵڰʶɫ 
(ɫ) ʶ֣ˣ֮࣬ǰʶӱ࣬ʶľࡣ
 
ʶϱֳֵ֡ʱ򣬰˸ʶʶͽ֤֡ƩʶΪʶ˱⾳ãǼ֣ 
ʶ˱⾳֡ô˱⾳᲻ᷢ (˼ν)  
ʱʶҪ֤һ£ʶͽ֤ˡǣʶ֤ǲȷأ ʱʶ廹һ֡ٶ֤֪ãٶ֤֪ý֤֤֡ 
һÿʶķ֣Ǿ֣֣֤֣֤֤֡
 
νķ֣ʶá⾳Ӱ (Ӱǵڰʶɫӱֵ) ʶʶã 
֤ʶ֤ã֤֤ʶٶ֤֪áԾΪֺñȾеӰ񣬼֡ñȾܼյãֺ֤ñǾ壬ֺ֤֤ñǻܣڻϣͿˡ
 
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ԵֵԴԵΪԵԵʲôԵԵأ  <ᾭ> ô˵йʱУʱ 
޹ʱޣʱ𡣡˵Ʃ«вֲǣԵɫʶԵʶɫ 
ǡǣ«ȥǸȥǸɫʶʶɫǡ]
 
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ۣһзԵж֣νڼ⡣νšˮȡ֡˹ԵϳƿಧϯѿิǣԵǰת 
νҵ̡編νԵ𣬴˵޷ֱ֮]ԵתԵ𣬼ǷеġʮԵҲǣԵУԵʶʶԵɫɫԵ룬ԵԵܣԵԵȡȡԵУԵԵ]
 
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ԵԵͨӣֶΪ⡢¶˹ΪԵӶӵ 
ˮΪ򣬾ƿҪԵ졢ҲҪԵԵ˷غһз϶Уһзֻ󣬲ǡ塯һзܵ 
(Ե) ıб仯һз (ûй̶֮) ֳԿգ˳֮ΪԵԿա
 
벻Ե𣬴˵Ե
 
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Ϊ𣬱Ե֮ͺϡԵȻˣΨʶѧСԵ֮˵ʵϣԵûʲô𣬸Ե˵Ե֮һԵҲ֮򣬲򷨵ĹϵϣǽҪһѡˣ֮˵ֻԵһַ෽ʽڴȽԵԵԵ޼ԵԵԵ
 
һԵ ԵڶϵУ˵νΪ԰] 
ΪԵֻԲҪԵ߱ͬʱΨʶѧϵԵֲͬһԵԵΨʶѧԡΨʶ 
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ӻǿ˼һз֮壬ҲԵԵ˳桢Υ棬˳淽˵ܴٳһɳߣơԵһɳߣơԵ 
Υ˵һһзϰߣ¶ǻľ˳Ե˪ΪľΥԵ
 
ΨʶѧԡΨʶ ۣһзɫķ𣬽еĹˣһзԵߣķҪԵ㣻 
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Ψʶѧۣڰ˰Үʶ򷨡ɫӣУ (۵ʶãͿ͹۵⾳) 
ɫҪԵ㡣ԵϽƵԵķҪԵɫֻ߱ԵΨʶѧһʣСԵʶνʶҪԵǲìأ 
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ϾԵΪʶȱһɵԵ֮˵Ƿִأ 
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ġʶ ʶԵζҲǡȡ ()  (ʳ) ӴʶҲҪͿռ䣬ֻҪԵ
 
塢ʶ ʶԵӴиоҲǡȡҲҪͿռ䣬ֻҪԵ
 
ʶ ʶȡҪԵԵ (ʶԵʶΪԵʶΪȾ) ԵԵԵԵԵмȥաֱԵ
 
ߡĩʶ ĩȡֻԵԵ (ĩʶҮʶΪԵ԰ҮʶΪԵ)Ե (ĩҮԵڰ˰Үʶ) ԵԵ
 
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УмΪʣԡܡȣЩΨʶѧϷǳҪʡ˽ں壬ʶ̶ΨʶҲ̽Щʵ壬˵
 
ľһ˵Ǹйʶʶ༴ۡǡࡢʶԵ˱ɫ㡢ζֳ⼴ʶĿ͹硣ΨʶѧϣԴ˿͹ʶ֮ǰʶֵ֡Ψʶ԰ʶֳʵĲͬΪླԾӰʾ
 
ԭһ飬аʶһʶΪܱ䡣ʶֵķʽ࣬һԵ䣬һǷֱ䡣νԵ䣬Եģ˶ (ԵȣԵ) 
ֵ֣ʵ (ͬ) ֱߣʶֱ (ֵ֣ʵ) 
֮Ҳǰʶ֡ǰʶڰʶ֣Ե䣻 ʶĶɢʶ (ʶ) 
֣͵ʶ֣Ƿֱ䡣Ե֣Ծ ֱ֣ǴʾӰȷ£
 
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һģνԵ֮ͬһԣģν () Ե֮ () ͬһϵģνԵ֮ͬһϵ
 
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ʾǴ˾ʡԵ֮ԵԵ֮ʵıʣʵΪ֪ߡʶ֣֮Եڰʶļ֣ԵڰʶļΪ֣Ϊһ׵ңڰʶֲңһִ֪˳ΪʡνԵʣмͷʶԵΪߣ䱾ʣߣҲһִ֪˳ 
Եɫƴʣмһͷ]
 
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Ե֮ģԵֱ֮ƶ֮֮Ҫ߱һڣԼڹȥδʶʶҪֳ༴λ֮λܳΪУλϣ֮֮߾ǰͺϾС
 
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˳֮䶨ָδУߡ񣬶֣֮Ƿƶʣ˵ƶΪ˵һ棬 
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޼ǣ ƷǲƣܼΪƣܼΪ񣬹ʳ޼ǡ
 
֮ܣɫܡ롢Сʶ̣Ҳзе֮壬Ҳִ˵ĸܡ <Ψʶ> 
Իν˳ΥΪԣΪҵʡ <˹> 
˵ĸһ㣺ƺ̣ж֣νܡܡ಻ܡߣνʱкͺ ߣνʱй 
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ҲǡʮԵ е֧ԵܡԵܣ <Ե> 
˵֣νܡ಻಻ܡΪԣɡǸ⾳ɵ⾳˳澳Υ𾳣˳ΥǾԵ˳澳ܣ 
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磬硢ɫ硢ɫ磬Ļҵие <ʥ> 
ϳƣж֣һ硣ǧ硣ߣһ磬νδȾ̲ ɫ磬νȾղ 
ɫ磬νɫȾղ𡣡]
 
˵硢Ǿɫʳӵ硣ķΧԵ죬а˽֮Ĵޣ޼ȶʮ 
˽ŮξӣȾʳ硣ɫ磬ɫǱ䰭ʾ֮壬Զʳ徻ɫʵӵ硣˽ϣȾŮΣ˽ɻӹԷ׳ߴϵɫ֮һоãɫʣʳɫ硣ɫߣ˽ɫʳ޹һʣΨʶס֮ʳɫ磬ֻһڵ硣

 
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һģһʼǸã 
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ʶ ָʶԵǸնʶ (Ĵ͡) 
ֱӸоһɲǣ޳ģԣǱ ڶֱַ (ʶʶ)ʱбͷˡ
 
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ĩԵľֻǴʾһ֣ͨԵڰʶļΪԵеڰʶıʾе֣ΪԼԵΪʾ仰˵ʶļԵ֮ģڰʶļΪԵ֮߰ʶ־ΪʵΪʡνԵʣмͷߡʶļһ֣˼νͨ鱾˴ʾͨڵʶԵ֮ģԵĺִ飻ͨڵڰʶ֣Ե֮˾ʵ䱾ʡ˾Գһ֮ϣм֣Խʡ
 
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